Carbohydrases and phytase with rice bran, effects on amino acid digestibility and energy use in broiler chickens.

Protein sources from cereals are used in broiler diets, usually in order to reduce feeding costs. However, their efficient use in poultry diets is limited by the level of fiber whose compounds are resistant to digestion in the small intestine; due to this sugars are not digested by endogenous poultry enzymes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of multi-carbohydrase (MC) and phytase (Phy) on the total retention of nutrients, retention of apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEN) (trial 1) and apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids (trial 2) of rice bran (RB). A total of 245-day-old male broilers (Cobb 500) was distributed at 21-day-old in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 + 1 (0 and 200 mg/kg MC; 0 and 50 mg/kg Phy, and basal diet - BD) factorial arrangement of treatments, to give seven replicates and seven birds per replicate. The BD based on corn (trial 1) and cornstarch and casein (trial 2) was used only to determine the coefficients of retention of nutrients and energy, and coefficients of digestibility of amino acids of the RB. The test diets were made by mixing BD and RB 7 : 3 wt/wt basis. There was interaction (P<0.05) between MC × Phy for DM, nitrogen and AMEN, retention and no interaction (P>0.05) for ash, calcium, phosphorous and NDF was observed. Enzymes interacted (P<0.05) on standardized ileal digestibility of arginine, histidine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline and serine. Dietary combination of MC and Phy resulted in higher (P<0.05) standardized digestibility of arginine, histidine, methionine and threonine relative to single enzyme supplementation or control diet without enzymes. Enzyme isolated inclusions in the diets improved (P<0.05) standardized digestibility of methionine. The supplementation of carbohydrases and Phy in RB will improve the nitrogen, energy and amino acids utilization for broiler chickens.

Nutrient and energy balance, and amino acid digestibility in weaned piglets fed wheat bran and an exogenous enzyme combination.

The digestive system of the weaned piglets can be affected by the type of ingredients present in the diet, and a high fibre content in diets can limit the use of other nutrients and energy. The study was conducted to determine the effects of multicarbohydrase (MC) and phytase (Phy) supplementation on the nutritive value of wheat bran (WB) in weaned piglets. Multicarbohydrase preparation had 700 U α-galactosidase, 2200 U galactomannanase, 3000 U xylanase and 22 000 U ß-glucanase per kilogram of diet, and Phy had 500 phytase units - FTU/kg of diet. Twenty-five weaned piglets (6.1 ± 0.63 kg) at 21 days old were fed five diets in a completely randomised experimental design with a 2 × 2 + 1 (0 and 200 mg/kg MC; 0 and 50 mg/kg Phy; and basal diet - BD) factorial arrangement used to determine treatment effects. An additional group of piglets was fed a corn-basal diet during apparent digestibility of nutrients, and fed a 5% casein-corn starch basal diet during apparent and standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acid evaluations. Piglets were individually caged until 38 days old, when Ileal digesta was collected at slaughter. Test diets were made by mixing the basal diets and WB 7 : 3 (w/w), with or without MC, Phy or the combination. There was an interaction trend (P = 0.07) between MC and Phy in the balance of ash, digestible energy (DE) and metabolisable energy (ME). Effects of MC (P < 0.01) on DM, N retention, DE and ME, as well as an effect of Phy (P < 0.05) on ash, DE and ME and a trend in protein digestibility (P = 0.07) also was observed. The enzyme combination showed effect (P < 0.05) on SID of Lys, Pro and Ser; as a trend (P < 0.07) on His, Thr and Val. Isolated, MC also suggested improving (P < 0.07) on SID of His, Lys, Ala (P < 0.05), while Phy improved (P < 0.06) SID of Leu, Lys, Met (P < 0.01), Thr, Val, Ala (P < 0.01), Pro and Ser (P < 0.05). The MC carbohydrate complex was characterised as a viable alternative to increase the apparent nutrients digestibility and SID of amino acids when WB was used in the diet of young pigs and, when combined with Phy, suggested an additive effect on the apparent use of energy.

Effects of multi-carbohydrase and phytase on standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and apparent metabolizable energy in canola meal fed to broiler chicks.

Two assays were conducted to evaluate nutritive value of canola meal (CM) fed to broiler chicks without or with a multi-carbohydrase (MC) preparation (700 U α-galactosidase, 2,200 U galactomannanase, 30,000 U xylanase, and 22,000 U ß-glucanase per kg of diet) and phytase (Phy, 500 FTU per kg of diet). Assay 1 determined apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and metabolizable energy (AME) by the difference method. Assay 2 determined apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids by the index method. Two reference diets (RD) - an 85% corn based and a 5% casein-cornstarch diet fortified with vitamins and minerals - were made for assays 1 and 2, respectively. For each assay, the test diets were made by mixing RD and CM 7:3 wt/wt basis and fed without or with MC or Phy or combination. A total of 245 day-old male broilers (Cobb 500) was allocated to 5 treatments to give 7 replicates (7 birds/cage). The birds were fed a commercial diet from day zero to 10 followed by assay 1 fed from d 11 to 18 and assay 2 fed from d 19 to 21. Excreta samples were collected on d 15 to18, and all birds were slaughtered on d 21 for ileal digesta. There was an interaction (P < 0.05) between MC and Phy on ATTD of DM, N, and P. There was no interaction (P > 0.05) between MC and Phy on AMEn; however, MC and Phy individually improved AMEn retention. Enzymes interacted (P < 0.05) on SID of Arg, His, Leu, Met, Thr, Ala, Asp, Gln, and Gly. In this context, feeding a combination of MC and Phy resulted in higher (P < 0.05) SID of Arg, His, Met, and Thr relative to single activity or control. Both enzymes improved (P < 0.05) SID of Lys independently. The combination of carbohydrase and Phy may be an effective strategy to improve amino acid utilization in CM for poultry.

Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility of Broken Rice Fed to Postweaned Piglets with or without Multicarbohydrase and Phytase Supplementation.

Most of amino acid (AA) digestibility values for feed ingredients are obtained using pigs cannulated in the distal ileum. The ileal-cannulated pig model uses pigs older than six weeks due to difficulties related to implanting the T-cannula in distal ileum of younger pigs and complications during the post-surgical recovery. However, to properly formulate the diet of weaned pigs, the nutritive value of feed ingredients should be determined with younger pigs. Thus, 25 weaned pigs were used to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, energy, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) ileal AA digestibility of broken rice (BR), with or without multicarbohydrase (MC) and phytase (Phy) supplementation. Piglets were weaned at 23 d of age and individually housed in digestibility cages until 45 d of age. The trial consisted of 7 d of adaptation to the experimental diets and 3 d of excreta (feces and urine) collection. Ileal digesta was collected at slaughter (about 6 weeks of age). A completely randomized experimental design was used to determine the effects of MC and Phy. Reference diets (RD, 5% casein) was replaced by 30% of BR with or without MC, Phy, or MC+Phy. The RD was used to quantify endogenous AA losses. BR with Phy supplied had increased the ATTD of dry matter (p<0.05) and SID of histidine (p = 0.05), arginine, leucine, lysine, valine, alanine, and proline (p<0.05). BR with MC had been increased digestible energy and protein and SID for histidine (p<0.05). There was no interaction between Phy and MC on the BR nutrient digestibilities. Standardized amino acid digestibilities of BR, without enzymes, were lower than those values reported in the literature. The MC and Phy improved the digestibility of some nutrients and energy of BR in post-weaned piglet diets.

Ileal amino acid digestibility in canola meals from yellow- and black-seeded Brassica napus and Brassica juncea fed to growing pigs.

Twelve ileal cannulated pigs (30.9 ± 2.7 kg) were used to determine the apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of protein and AA in canola meals (CM) derived from black- (BNB) and yellow-seeded (BNY) Brassica napus canola and yellow-seeded Brassica juncea (BJY). The meals were produced using either the conventional pre-press solvent extraction process (regular meal) or a new, vacuum-assisted cold process of meal de-solventization (white flakes) to provide 6 different meals. Six cornstarch-based diets containing 35% canola meal as the sole source of protein in a 3 (variety) × 2 (processing) factorial arrangement were randomly allotted to pigs in a 6 × 7 incomplete Latin square design to have 6 replicates per diet. A 5% casein diet was fed to estimate endogenous AA losses. Canola variety and processing method interacted for the AID of DM (P = 0.048), N (P = 0.010), and all AA (P < 0.05), except for Arg, Lys, Phe, Asp, Glu, and Pro. Canola variety affected or tended to affect the AID of most AA but had no effect on the AID of Lys, Met, Val, Cys, and Pro, whereas processing method had an effect on only Lys and Asp and tended to affect the AID of Thr, Gly and Ser. The effects of canola variety, processing method, and their interaction on the SID values for N and AA followed a similar pattern as for AID values. For the white flakes, SID of N in BJY (74.2%) was lower than in BNY and BNB, whose values averaged 78.5%; however, among the regular meals, BJY had a greater SID value for N than BNY and BNB (variety × processing, P = 0.015). For the white flakes, the SID of Ile (86.4%), Leu (87.6%), Lys (88.9%), Thr (87.6%) and Val (84.2%) in BNB were greater than BNY and BJY. Opposite results were observed for the regular processing, with SID of Lys (84.1%), Met (89.5%), Thr (84.1%), and Val (83.6%) being greater in BJY, followed by BNB and BNY(variety × processing, P < 0.057). The SID of Met was greatest for the white flakes (90.2%) but least for the regular processing (83.0%) in BNY (variety × processing, P < 0.057). It was concluded that the AID and SID of N and AA of the CM tested varied according to canola variety and the processing method used. Overall, the SID values for Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Thr, and Val averaged across CM types and processing methods were 81.8, 82.6, 83.4, 85.9, 80.8, and 78.4%, respectively.

Dietary effects of chelated zinc supplementation and lysine levels in ISA Brown laying hens on early and late performance, and egg quality.

It has been hypothesized that zinc (Zn) levels beyond those that are nutritionally required may favor the utilization of dietary lysine, and consequently reduce the level of its inclusion into the diet. Therefore, the possible effects of interaction between chelated Zn and the level of lysine (Lys) on egg production and egg quality of laying hens were evaluated. In total, 720 ISA Brown layer hens aged 24 to 36 wk (early phase) and 48 to 60 wk (late phase) were allotted in a completely randomized factorial design that used 3 Zn and 5 Lys levels (6 replications, 8 birds/replication). All birds aged 37 to 47 wk (between early and late phases) were fed a standard diet and maintained under the same experimental design. The Zn levels used were 137, 309, and 655 mg/kg; and the Lys levels were 0.560, 0.612, 0.677, 0.749, and 0.851%. The optimal levels of Lys digestibility were based on laboratory analyses with regard to the weighted average relationship between 83.5% digestibility and the total Lys from principal ingredients. There was no effect of interaction found between the dietary levels of Zn and Lys for most of the variables studied; however, each had an independent effect on the variables. An increase in Zn from 137 to 655 mg/kg had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the performance of hens in both phases; however, it showed a significant effect on egg quality (P < 0.01), principally on mineral composition. Increased Zn resulted in decreased shell weight, percentage of ash, yolk ash deposition, and total ash deposition. On the other hand, an increase in Lys from 0.560 to 0.851% significantly affected (P < 0.002) several performance parameters and the chemical composition of the eggs, including feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, BW gain, egg weight, and production. In conclusion, there was no interaction found between Zn and Lys, but higher dietary levels of chelated Zn reduced bird performance and egg quality parameters, whereas higher Lys levels could be beneficial to bird performance and egg quality.

Lisina digestível para frangos de corte machos entre 12 e 22 dias de idade / Digestible lysine for male broilers from 12 to 22 days of age

Avaliou-se nível de lisina digestível para 1050 frangos de corte dos 12 aos 22 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos, sete repetições e 30 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram: 1,05; 1,10; 1,15; 1,20 e 1,25 por cento de lisina digestível. Avaliaram-se ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, composição e deposição de nutrientes corporais. Foram constatados efeitos quadráticos de lisina digestível no consumo de ração e resposta linear ascendente no peso da carcaça. Na composição química da carcaça, houve resposta quadrática do nível de lisina na concentração de proteína. As taxas de deposição proteica, deposição de água, da carcaça e do corpo total tiveram aumento linear em resposta ao acréscimo de lisina na dieta. O aumento da concentração de lisina, todavia, coincidiu com a redução da matéria mineral nas vísceras e sangue e no corpo total. Considerado o desempenho, o nível 1,1 por cento de lisina digestível atendeu às necessidades do frango de corte entre o 12º e o 22º dia de idade. Consideradas a composição química e as taxas de deposição dos nutrientes corporais, a demanda pelo aminoácido digestível torna-se igual ou maior que 1,25 por cento.

The lysine level was evaluated for 1,050 male broilers from 12 to 22 days of age. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments, seven replications, and 30 birds per experimental unit. The treatments were: 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.20, and 1.25 percent of digestible lysine. Weight gain, feed intake, feed: gain ratio, body composition, and nutrient deposition were measured. There were quadratic effects of digestible lysine on feed intake and an ascendant linear effect on carcass weight. In the carcass chemical composition, there was a quadratic response of lysine level in protein concentration. The deposition rates in carcass protein, carcass water, and whole body had a linear increase as response to lysine addition to diet. The lysine level increase however coincided with the mineral decrease on blood, offal, and whole body. Basing on performance, the digestible lysine 1.1 percent level attended the broiler needs from 12 to 22 days of age. On the other hand, considering the chemical composition and the nutrient accretion rates, the need for digestible amino acid was equal or higher than 1.25 percent.

Avaliação nutricional da silagem de grãos úmidos de milho com diferentes teores de óleo para leitões na fase de creche / Nutritional evaluation of high moisture corn silage with different oil contents for piglets in nursery phase

Utilizaram-se 60 leitões mestiços (Large White x Landrace), desmamados com peso inicial médio de 7,9kg, no experimento de desempenho e 20 leitões mestiços, com peso inicial médio de 16,8kg, no experimento de digestibilidade para avaliar a silagem de grãos úmidos de milho com diferentes teores de óleo. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em ambos os experimentos avaliou-se o valor nutricional das silagens e dos milhos secos com teor normal (4,3 por centoEE na MS) ou elevado de óleo (5,66 por centoEE na MS). Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o consumo diário de ração e no ganho de peso diário nos períodos de 0 a 9 e 0 a 31 dias. Os leitões apresentaram melhor conversão alimentar em ambos os períodos estudados, quando receberam silagem e no período de 0 a 9 dias, quando foram alimentados com milho com teor mais alto de óleo. As frações digestível e metabolizável da energia foram influenciadas pelo processamento, sendo que a ensilagem proporcionou melhor aproveitamento da energia, independentemente do teor de óleo presente nos grãos.

Sixty crossbred weaned pigs (Large White x Landrace) average initial body weight of 7.9kg and 20 crossbred pigs average initial body weight of 16.8kg were used in the performance and digestibility experiments, respectively, to evaluate high-moisture corn silage with different oil contents. The nutritional value of high-moisture corn silage and dry corn with normal (4.3 percent EE in DM) or higher (5.66 percent EE in DM) oil contents were analyzed. The treatments had no effect on either average daily feed intake (ADFI) or average daily gain (ADG) from 0 to 9 and 0 to 31 days. The piglets had higher feed/weight gain in both periods when fed silage and in the period from 0 to 9 days when fed higher oil content corn. In the digestibility experiment only the digestible and metabolizable fractions of energy were affected by the processing method and the silage provided higher energy utilization regardless of the oil content in the grains.

Valor nutricional da silagem de grãos úmidos de milho com diferentes graus de moagem para leitões na fase de creche / Nutritional value of high moisture corn silage with differents particle sizes for piglets in nursery phase

Utilizaram-se 72 leitões mestiços (Landrace x Large White), com peso inicial médio de 7,1kg, no experimento de desempenho e 20 leitões mestiços, com peso inicial médio de 18,9kg, no experimento de digestibilidade para avaliar a silagem de grãos úmidos de milho com diferentes granulometrias para leitões em fase de creche. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso. Em ambos os experimentos avaliaram-se o valor nutricional das silagens com diâmetro geométrico médio (DGM) das partículas de 979, 1168 e 2186æm e do milho seco com DGM das partículas de 594æm. Na fase de zero ao oitavo dia, a silagem proporcionou menor consumo diário de ração (CDR) em relação ao milho seco, e foi verificado aumento linear no CDR com o aumento da granulometria da silagem. A silagem com granulometria média e grossa proporcionou melhora na conversão alimentar (CA) em relação ao milho seco, mas não foi observada diferença no ganho diário de peso (GDP). Para o período total, não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas para CDR e GDP, entretanto a silagem proporcionou melhora na CA em relação ao milho seco havendo efeito linear crescente da granulometria da silagem sobre a CA. A granulometria da silagem não influenciou nos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca e da proteína bruta, porém proporcionou maiores CDA do fósforo e valores de energia digestível em relação ao milho seco. O CDA do cálcio e os valores de energia metabolizável foram maiores para a silagem com granulometria fina e média, comparado ao do milho seco. Houve redução linear do CDA do cálcio com o aumento da granulometria da silagem.

Seventy-two crossbred pigs (Landrace x Large White) average initial body weight of 7.1kg and 20 crossbred pigs average initial body weight of 18.9kg were used in the performance and digestibility experiments to evaluate high-moisture corn silage with different particle sizes for piglets in nursery phase. A randomized block design was used. In both experiments the nutritional values of high-moisture corn silage with 979, 1168 and 2186æm geometric mean particle sizes (GM) and dry corn with 594æm GM were evaluated. From day 0 to 8, high-moisture corn silage provided daily feed intake (ADFI) lower than dry corn. A linear increase was observed to this variable when increasing the particle size of the silage. The silage with intermediate and coarse particle sizes provided higher feed/weight gain than the dry corn, but no difference in average daily gain (ADG) was observed. Throughout the experimental period, there were no statistical differences in ADFI and ADG. Therefore, the silage improved feed/weight gain in comparison to the dry corn. There was a linear increase of values of this variable as particle size of the silage increased. No effect of particle size of the silage on the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter and crude protein was observed. However, it provided higher phosphorus ADC and values of digestible energy than the dry corn. Calcium ADC as well as values of metabolizable energy increased for silage with fine and intermediate particle sizes in comparison to the dry corn silage. Calcium ADC linearly decreased as the particle size of the silage increased.

Cinética do fósforo em tecidos de suínos alimentados com dietas contendo enzima fitase / Phosphorus kinetics in tissue of growing pigs fed diets containing phytase enzyme

O experimento foi desenvolvido para avaliar a cinética do P em tecidos de suínos em crescimento, alimentados com rações contendo P orgânico e vários níveis de fitase, com o uso do 32P como indicador. Foram usados 12 animais mestiços, machos castrados, com peso médio de 31,68± 1,62kg, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema de parcela subdividida, contendo quatro tratamentos (253, 759, 1265 e 1748 UF (unidade de fitase) /kg) e três repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de níveis de inclusão da enzima fitase nas dietas associados aos tecidos dos ossos, fígado, coração, rins e músculos. Os leitões foram mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas por um período de dez dias de adaptação e sete dias de coletas de sangue. No primeiro dia de coleta, foram injetados em cada animal, por via endovenosa, 7,4 MBq de 32P, como indicador. No final do período experimental os animais foram sacrificados e amostras dos tecidos coletadas. Os níveis da enzima fitase não interferiram na retenção de 32P nos tecidos e nas trocas plasmáticas dos mesmos. A ação da enzima fitase ocorreu, principalmente, na concentração de P nos rins, sendo sua atuação mais efetiva nos níveis entre 253 e 759 UF/kg de ração; o maior intercâmbio do fósforo em suínos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de fitase ocorreu entre os rins e o plasma.

Biodisponibilidade e perdas endógenas mínimas de P em dietas com níveis crescentes de fitase para suínos em crescimento pela técnica de diluiçäo isotópica / Bioavailability and minimum endogenous losses of P in diets with phytase increasing levels for growing swine by using the isotopic dilution technique

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar raçöes à base de milho, farelo de soja e farelo de arroz desengordurado contendo níveis crescentes de fitase (253, 759, 1265 e 1748 UF/kg de raçäo), por meio da biodisponibilidade e das perdas endógenas mínimas de P com o uso da técnica de diluiçäo isotópica. Foram utilizados 20 suínos mestiços (machos castrados), com peso médio de 32,19+2,17 kg, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, contendo cinco tratamentos e quatro repetiçöes. Os leitöes foram mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas durante 10 dias para adaptaçäo e sete dias para coletas de sangue, fezes e urina. No primeiro dia de coleta foram injetados em cada animal, por via endovenosa, 7,4 MBq de 32P. No final do experimento os animais foram abatidos e os tecidos do músculo, coraçäo, fígado, rins e ossos coletados para estudos posteriores. Os níveis de enzima fitase näo afetaram o P retido, o P urinário, o P plasma e a biodisponibilidade. Observou-se efeito quadrático dos níveis de fitase sobre o P nas fezes e endógeno. A variável perda endógena de fósforo foi mais precisa do que a variável biodisponibilidade para avaliar os efeitos da enzima fitase. O melhor aproveitamento do fósforo fítico ocorreu no nível 759 UF.